LIHI Certificate #180 – White River Lock and Dam No. 2 Project, Arkansas
| Project Name | White River Lock and Dam No. 2 |
| LIHI Certificate No. | 180 |
| LIHI Certificate Term | June 9, 2021 – June 8, 2031 (option to extend to June 8, 2034) |
| Owner | Independence County, AR |
| State | Arkansas |
| Location | River mile 308.3 on the White River |
| Installed Capacity | 3.9 MW |
| Average Annual Generation | 15,423 MWh |
| Facility Type | Run of river |
| FERC No. | P-4660, issued in 1985, expires 10/31/2035. |
White River Lock and Dam No. 1 (LIHI #179), Lock and Dam No. 2, and the “Shelby M. Knight” Lock and Dam No. 3 (LIHI #181) (e.g., LD1, LD2, LD3) Hydroelectric Projects are collectively known as the “White River Hydroelectric Project”, are located on the White River in north central Arkansas. The river begins in northwestern Arkansas in the Boston Mountains and flows east toward Fayetteville where it then turns north. The river enters Missouri near Eureka Springs. It then flows southeast back into Arkansas past Bull Shoals, Mountain Home, and Calico Rock. At Batesville, the second section of the river, known as the Lower White, begins. From Batesville, the river flows south for 295 miles through Arkansas’s Delta region before emptying into the Mississippi River. The river passes multiple lakes created by eight USACE dams. Six lakes are operated together as a system to reduce the frequency and severity of floods.
Between 1900 and 1908, USACE built the three timber-crib and concrete dams and locks associated with the Projects. The locks were used for navigation, moving boats containing shipments of timber, cotton, and mining products such as limestone and silica. By the mid-1950s, trains had replaced boats as the primary method for transporting these products. USACE decommissioned the locks and sold the properties. Development of the new hydropower capacity involved a utility, a college, a city, a county, the U.S. Congress, 27 years, a myriad of engineers and lawyers, and lots of tenacity and perseverance by a dedicated group of individuals. Project construction began in 2003 and the Projects came online in 2006-2007. LD2 is located in Independence County, AR at river mile 308.3 between LD1 and LD3.
LD2 includes a concrete and timber crib dam approximately 658 feet long and 29 feet high with an integral navigation lock approximately 175 feet long and 36 feet wide on the right side of the dam. A multi-level intake flume, approximately 120 feet long and 100 feet wide is located within the lock structure.
The dam creates an impoundment with a surface area of approximately 1,072 acres at maximum pool elevation. The powerhouse contains a single vertical Kaplan turbine and generating unit with a capacity of 3.9 MW and a design flow of 3,180 cfs. The average annual generation is approximately 15,400 MWh. An open flume tailrace, approximately 120 feet long conveys water back to the river. The Project boundary encompasses the high-water mark and about 10 acres of land around Project structures.
The Project is operated in an instantaneous run-of-river mode. Inflows for LD1, LD2 and LD3 are dependent on the outflow from the upstream USACE dams at Bull Shoals on the White River and from Norfolk Lake on the North Fork River along with other tributaries. There are no spillway gates at any of the dams. Plant flow capacities are low in comparison to river flow and impoundment levels rarely drop to or below the tops of the spillways. Run-of-river operation and flows are monitored based on the USGS gage along the White River at Batesville, AR.
Waters in the reach of the three facilities are listed as supportive of fish and wildlife propagation, primary and secondary contact recreation, and domestic, agricultural, and industrial water supply uses. Water quality monitoring was conducted from 2014-2019 to ensure that the facilities were not adversely impacting dissolved oxygen and water temperature in the project reach.
The original construction of the lock and dam facilities included fish passage ladders or fishways. However, only remnants of these facilities currently remain. High flows and flooding in the project area would certainly destroy any attempt to provide permanent fish passage at the projects. Arkansas Fish and Game Commission and the project owner have been in contact to discuss the potential for seasonal fish passage structures though no formal recommendations or prescriptions have been provided. Resident fish species include rainbow and cutthroat trout, (stocked annually in the Bull Shoals Lake) crappie, black bass, white bass, catfish, brook trout, shad, and walleye. Trout are not native to Arkansas, but the fisheries have been noted to be a result of the cold water discharge from the USACE dams along the White River.
The project lands consist of roughly 10 acres. The property surrounding LD2 is primarily undeveloped forested and agricultural lands. An Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan, Wildlife/Vegetation Management Plan and Wetland/Floodplain Management Plan, and Raptor Protection Plan were all implemented at the projects. The plans were reviewed by US Fish and Wildlife Service, (USFWS) and AGFC with no comments.
Threatened and endangered species potentially present in the project area includes Northern long-eared bat, Indiana bat, gray bat, Eastern black rail, piping plover, red knot, Ozark hellbender, Missouri bladderpod, and running buffalo clover. No critical habitats for these species are present in the project area and project operations do not impact them.
The locks and dams were determined to be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places and construction of the hydroelectric stations would require removal of portions of the existing lock and dam structures. At that time, the Arkansas State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) noted this would constitute an adverse impact on the eligible properties and recommended documentation of the projects prior to demolition. LD2 required coordination with the Arkansas SHPO to record all or part of the Lock and Dam No. 2, construct a scale map to show the relation of the lock and dam to other historic complexes on the White River. The project owner complied and produced such materials for the historical record.
Recreational resources at the project include boating access, informal camping areas, and fishing access downstream of the dam. The powerhouse and lock are fenced in for safety. Public access is provided free of charge where safety and private property do not preclude access.
Compliance Status
The Certificate includes the following facility-specific conditions:
- Condition 1: Should the facility Owner receive notification during the term of this LIHI Certification from either USFWS or AGFC that upstream and/or downstream passage for anadromous or catadromous fish is required at any of the facilities, the Owner shall forward to LIHI a copy of that notification along with a summary of plans and a schedule to initiate consultation and implement passage; and shall provide a status update on progress on implementation in annual compliance statements.
- Condition 2 (Optional): if at any time prior to six months before the expiration of the Certification terms for each Project the Owner voluntarily implements seasonal upstream eel passage at one or more of the Projects in the absence of an agency recommendation in Condition 1, LIHI will review that information and determine whether or not to award a PLUS standard and extend the Certificate term for three additional years.
2023: No material changes or compliance issues were identified. The project remains in compliance based on the annual review.
2022: No material changes or compliance issues were identified. The project remains in compliance based on the annual review.
2021: Annual reporting for the current Certificate has not yet taken effect.
Certification History
January 1, 2022: The LIHI Certificate term has been extended in accordance with Revision 2.05 of the LIHI 2nd Edition Certification Handbook issued January 1, 2022. Refer to the facility table above for the new term.
August 3, 2021: The Low Impact Hydropower Institute has issued a final decision on the certification of the White River Lock and Dam No. 2 Project located on the White River in Arkansas. The 30-day appeal window closed on July 31, 2021 and no appeals were filed. Therefore, the decision to certify the project is now final. The new term is June 9, 2021 through June 8, 2026.
July 1, 2021: The Low Impact Hydropower Institute (LIHI) has preliminarily approved Low Impact Certification (pending LIHI #179, #180, #181) for the White River Lock and Dam No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 Hydroelectric Projects located on the White River in Arkansas. This decision is preliminary pending the 30-day appeal window. Only those who commented on the initial application during the 60-day comment period are eligible to file an appeal. Such appeal needs to include an explanation as to how the Project does not meet the LIHI criteria. Appeal requests can be submitted by email to comments@lowimpacthydro.org with “White River Project” in the subject line, or by mail addressed to the Low Impact Hydropower Institute, 1167 Massachusetts Ave, Arlington MA 02476. All requests will be posted to the website. The applicant will have an opportunity to respond and any response will also be posted. Requests must be received by 5 pm Eastern time on July 31, 2021. The full application and review report are available below. If no appeal requests are received the certification terms for each project will be June 9, 2021 – June 8, 2026 unless extended per Condition 2.
April 27, 2021: The Low Impact Hydropower Institute has received a complete application for Low Impact Certification of the White River Hydroelectric Project. LIHI is seeking public comment on this application. Specifically, we are interested in knowing whether you think the Project meets the LIHI Low Impact Certification Criteria, as revised in the 2nd Edition Handbook. Please review the program and criteria in LIHI’s revised Handbook and then review the Project’s application materials below. Comments that are directly tied to specific LIHI criteria (flows, water quality, fish passage, etc.) will be most helpful, but all comments will be considered. Comments may be submitted to the Institute by e-mail at comments@lowimpacthydro.org with “White River Project Comments” in the subject line, or by mail addressed to the Low Impact Hydropower Institute, 1167 Massachusetts Avenue, Arlington, MA 02476. Comments must be received on or before 5 pm Eastern time on June 26, 2021 to be considered. All comments will be posted to the web site and the applicant will have an opportunity to respond. Any response will also be posted.